History of L carnitine: Implications for renal disease Journal of Renal Nutrition PDF] The Regulation of Energy Metabolism Pathways Through L Carnitine Homeostasis Semantic Scholar l Carnitine pretreatment ameliorates heat stress induced acute kidney injury by restoring mitochondrial function of tubular cells American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology American Physiological Society Early research into L carnitine was often cited as underwhelming, showing negligible changes in muscle carnitine content and fat loss outcomes. However, these findings may have been limited by a short study window